Likewise, in response to immune or inflammatory microenvironments astrocytes also adopt neurotoxic or neuroprotective phenotypes. The classically activated state of microglia drives the neuroinflammatory response and mediates the detrimental effects on neurons, whereas in their alternative activation state, which is apparently a beneficial activation state, the microglia play a crucial role in tissue maintenance and repair. The balance between classically and alternatively activated microglial phenotypes influences disease progression in the CNS. Activated microglia exist along a continuum of two functional states of polarization namely M1-type (classical/ proinflammatory activation) and M2-type (alternative/anti-inflammatory activation) as in macrophages.
Glial cells execute functional reaction programs in response to diverse microenvironmental signals manifested by neuropathological conditions. Activation of these glial cells is a major component of the neuroinflammatory responses underlying brain injury and neurodegeneration. Neuroglia, especially microglia and astrocytes, provide dynamicity to the brain.
Recent neuroscience research has established the adult brain as a dynamic organ having a unique ability to undergo changes with time.
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Biochemical Pharmacology xxx (2015) xxx–xxxĬontents lists available at ScienceDirectīiochemical Pharmacology journal homepage: Research updateįunctional polarization of neuroglia: Implications in neuroinflammation and neurological disorders Mithilesh Kumar Jhaa, Won-Ha Leeb, Kyoungho Suka,* a Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea b School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of KoreaĪrticle history: Received 6 September 2015 Accepted 2 November 2015 Available online xxx
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